Piano Lessons- Music Theory Lessons

Welcome to LivingPianos.com. I’m Robert Estrin. Today I’m going to share five techniques for playing Beethoven’s Moonlight Sonata. I’m not talking about the furious last movement, but the beautiful, subtle first movement. There’s a lot more to this movement than you might think. Many people assume this movement is easy, but it is anything but easy to play well. By the end of this lesson, you’ll have a handle on how to approach it and really bring this movement to a high level.

1. Learn the Piece Securely

The first thing is simply to learn the movement adequately and securely. Practice in chords first so you really solidify your playing. Starting anywhere, you’ll see it’s just a bunch of broken chords. That’s one part of it, but the biggest challenge of this movement is being able to project the melody on top with your weak pinky finger while not letting the triplet eighth notes dominate the sound. You don’t want to hear the accompaniment louder than the melody or it loses everything.

2. Balance the Melody and Accompaniment

How do you get the right balance? A fantastic way to practice this, as I’ve shown before, is to play with different articulations within the same hand. This is difficult at first, but well worth the effort once you already have a good command of the music. If you’re still learning the notes and can’t yet play through it comfortably, wait on this technique. Once you have a solid performance, use it to take the piece to the next level. Try playing the triplets with a gentle finger staccato so your hand learns through articulation which notes to bring out. This is so effective because you can clearly feel the difference between short and long notes. The triplets are played short, the top line is played smoothly. That’s easier to quantify than just playing loud and soft, which are more relative. You’ll also develop a physical sense of how the triplets feel in relation to the weight of your arm, which leans toward the melody while the other fingers play lightly.

3. Feel the Pulse in 2, Not 4

Another issue is that many people play this movement too slowly. You might hear a slow tempo and think it’s in 4/4 time, but notice that it’s written in 2/2, not 4/4. That means the pulse is the half note, not the quarter note. If you think of the quarter note as the beat, the piece bogs down and loses its flow. When you feel the beat of the half notes, the movement becomes more relaxed and fluid. The tempo may actually be a bit faster, but it feels calmer because you’re thinking in broader beats.

4. Understand the Dotted Rhythm

There’s also the dotted rhythm to consider. It’s not what you might think. Because of the triplets, many assume the sixteenth notes fall between the last triplet and the next beat, but that’s not correct. A dotted rhythm is based on four subdivisions of the beat—three plus one. That means the sixteenth note comes in sooner and lasts a bit longer than you might expect. When played this way, the rhythm feels fuller and more serene. Instead of sounding mechanical, it has that relaxed, dreamy quality the music needs.

5. Crescendo to Subito Piano

The last point is one of Beethoven’s trademarks: the crescendo to subito piano, which means growing louder, then playing suddenly soft. This is not something to overlook. Beethoven really meant it! If you skip that or underplay it, the music loses impact. When you follow Beethoven’s instruction, it creates tremendous contrast and emotional depth. It’s so much more effective that way.

Bringing It All Together

These five techniques will help you unlock the depth and beauty of this beloved piece that will make people cry! The Moonlight Sonata moves people to tears not because it’s loud or flashy, but because of its delicate balance between simplicity and passion. I hope these tips help you discover new levels of expression in your performance. If you have additional insights, share them in the comments at LivingPianos.com—Your Online Piano Resource. Thanks for joining me.

Welcome to LivingPianos.com. I’m Robert Estrin. Today we’re talking about why it’s so important to practice your scales and arpeggios in four octaves. You might think playing scales is just the same thing over and over again. If you can play them in one octave, can’t you just repeat that pattern in another register? It might seem that way, but the reality is more nuanced.

The Angle of the Hands Matters

When you play in the lower or higher registers of the piano, the angle of your hands changes. This shift impacts your technique. If you only practice in one part of the keyboard, you’re not fully developing the flexibility and control needed to navigate the entire instrument. Practicing across all four octaves helps you gain fluency moving up and down the keyboard smoothly and confidently.

Posture and Bench Positioning Are Key

To practice four-octave scales and arpeggios effectively, make sure you’re sitting properly. If you’re too close to the piano, your arms and wrists are forced into awkward angles, making it difficult to play evenly across the keyboard. Sit back far enough so your arms can extend comfortably in front of you. This posture allows for better movement from one end of the piano to the other. Many students make the mistake of sliding side to side on the bench as they play. While this might help you reach the keys temporarily, it’s not a sustainable solution. Instead, find a central position on the bench with the correct height and distance so you can access the full keyboard without shifting your body constantly.

Use the Metronome and Take Your Time

When you’re ready to begin, start slowly with the metronome. Work through your scales and arpeggios at a comfortable tempo. Focus on accuracy and evenness. Gradually, you’ll build speed and confidence. Practicing all major and minor scales and arpeggios over four octaves might seem overwhelming at first, but it doesn’t have to be. Take one scale per week. If you stick with it, you’ll eventually cover them all. There’s no rush. You have your entire life to enjoy playing the piano! And the benefits of mastering these foundational exercises are enormous.

The Long-Term Rewards

If you’ve already gone through the process of learning all your scales and arpeggios, you know how transformative it can be. It dramatically improves your technique, your sight-reading, and your overall ease at the keyboard. Share your experience in the comments on LivingPianos.com and YouTube. Your journey can help encourage others who are still working toward this goal. For those of you still in the process, be inspired by those who have completed it.

A Solid Foundation for Musical Freedom

Learning all your scales and arpeggios is a game changer. When you’ve already mastered them, you don’t have to relearn them every time they appear in your pieces. And practicing in all octaves gives you a solid technical foundation. You’ll be amazed at how much easier music becomes when the patterns are already second nature. The time you invest in this kind of practice pays off many times over, giving you a sense of fluency and freedom at the keyboard that far exceeds the effort you put in.

Welcome to LivingPianos.com. I’m Robert Estrin. Today we’re going to explore some of the groundbreaking composers who revolutionized classical piano music. Now, this could easily be a ten-week course or span an entire semester. There are so many important figures, but I’ll focus on a few of the most influential composers who opened up vast new possibilities in piano composition.

From Baroque Restraint to Classical Clarity

Let’s start with Bach. Of course, the piano hadn’t even been invented during his lifetime. His music was primarily written for the harpsichord or clavichord and is highly contrapuntal, with voices weaving tightly together. The writing tends to stay within a narrow range without many large leaps.

Even moving forward to Mozart, whose works were written for the early piano, the textures remain relatively close-knit. Take, for example, his Sonata in C major, K. 545. If you listen to the second movement, you’ll notice how everything stays in a compact register. The hands move in a limited range, and the melodies and accompaniment are very much in the same sonic space. This kind of writing is also typical of Haydn, where the music is refined and structured, but still maintains a tight, elegant character without extravagant gestures.

Beethoven Breaks Boundaries

Naturally, the next step in the evolution of piano composition brings us to Beethoven. He truly expanded what the piano could express. I’ve covered Beethoven’s innovations in other videos, but I want to highlight just one example that showcases something you’d never find in Mozart’s writing.

In the first movement of the “Pathetique” Sonata, Beethoven uses crossed hands in a dramatic way. This isn’t just for show. It adds a layer of complexity and theatricality that was unprecedented. While Mozart might occasionally include brief hand crossings, like in the “Turkish March” Sonata, Beethoven takes it much further. He also introduced a much wider dynamic range, including sudden changes from soft to loud, and vice versa, which revolutionized expressive possibilities on the piano.

Chopin and the Romantic Voice of the Piano

Where do we go from Beethoven? Chopin, of course. Chopin and the piano are almost inseparable. His entire output centers on the instrument, and he introduced a rich variety of textures and techniques that hadn’t been explored before. Take a look at his Ballade in G minor. Let’s consider just a short excerpt. If you play it slowly, without the pedal, it almost doesn’t make sense. It’s a bit like viewing an Impressionist painting up close. You just see blotches of color. But from a distance, everything blends beautifully. Chopin was able to envision these flowing passages and understand how they would sound when played with proper pedal and tempo. The theme that emerges is so lyrical and expressive, yet surrounded by a tapestry of harmonies and textures. His writing pushed the instrument into new emotional and tonal territory.

Of course, Chopin wasn’t alone. We could talk about Liszt, who brought virtuosic brilliance to the forefront. Mendelssohn and Schumann also contributed greatly to the development of Romantic piano music. All of these composers expanded what the piano could do, both technically and expressively.

Into the 20th Century: Color and Complexity

Fast forward to the 20th century and everything changes again. With composers like Ravel, Debussy, and Prokofiev, all conventions are reimagined. For instance, Debussy’s Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum from his Children’s Corner suite showcases a completely different kind of writing. The textures and colors he creates on the piano are almost orchestral. Listen closely and you’ll hear a shimmering, impressionistic style that’s completely different from earlier composers. This continued exploration of timbre and sonority brought piano music into the modern era.

What Comes Next?

The progression of piano writing over time reveals a fascinating journey. Each of these composers built upon what came before, expanding the expressive and technical range of the instrument. We’re fortunate to have such a rich repertoire that showcases the piano’s full potential.

Which composers do you feel expanded the possibilities of the piano in revolutionary ways? Leave your thoughts in the comments. There are so many more we could explore. I could easily create a part two, three, or even four to highlight more of these incredible musical pioneers. Again, I’m Robert Estrin and this is LivingPianos.com, Your Online Piano Resource.

Welcome to LivingPianos.com. I’m Robert Estrin. Did you ever want to be able to know what notes you’re hearing? And have you wondered how some people are able to play by ear? Well, today you’re going to learn how to identify notes by ear with a simple and effective technique that can open up a whole new way of understanding music.

Perfect Pitch vs. Relative Pitch

Let’s start by understanding two types of pitch recognition: perfect pitch and relative pitch. Perfect pitch is the rare ability to identify any note without any reference. If you have perfect pitch, you can hear a note and intuitively know what note it is. It’s as effortless as seeing a color and knowing what it is. Some people are born with this skill, and while early musical training can help reinforce it, it’s not something that can truly be learned from scratch. It’s estimated that only about 1 in 10,000 people have perfect pitch. But there’s good news for those of us who don’t have perfect pitch: relative pitch is far more useful for most musicians. With relative pitch, once you know one reference note, you can identify the rest of the notes by their relationship to that reference. More importantly, relative pitch helps you understand the function of notes in a musical context, which is key to real musical understanding.

Hearing the Notes Between the Notes

Let’s say I play a few notes for you. If I told you the first note is middle C, that’s your anchor. Now you can begin to figure out the notes that follow by thinking in terms of intervals. The secret is listening for the notes between the notes. For example, if you hear a perfect fifth, you might be able to identify it because you’ve internalized how many notes (or scale degrees) fit between the first and the second note. This is why singing is such a powerful tool. When you sing the notes, you’re training your ear to recognize these relationships.

What If It’s Not That Simple?

Now, not every example will be as straightforward as starting on the tonic (the first note of the scale). Suppose I give you a B as your starting note, and then play another note that doesn’t fit naturally into a B major scale. That could throw you off if you’re only thinking diatonically (within the key of B major). But what if you’re actually hearing a different scale structure—maybe starting from B but functioning in a different key? Instead of just trying to fit the notes into a particular scale, focus on the intervals between them—the distances in pitch. This way, even if the first note isn’t the tonic, you can identify how far apart the notes are and what their relationship might be.

Try It Yourself

One of the most effective ways to develop relative pitch is to use a reference note and sing through the scale from there. For example, if you know a note is middle C, try singing up the C major scale: C, D, E, F, G, and so on. As you sing each note, listen closely to how each one relates to the others. If you’re trying to identify an unknown note above or below that C, singing the scale can help you locate it by ear. You’re training yourself to recognize scale degrees — the position of each note in the scale — which forms the foundation of relative pitch.

Sometimes it’s easier to start on the upper note and start singing down the scale to the bottom note finding the notes between the notes.

This same idea works with chords. If you hear a chord and aren’t sure what it is, break it down into individual notes. Use the scale to identify each note, and listen for the intervals between them. Over time, this approach allows you to figure out melodies and harmonies simply by hearing them.

Diatonic Thinking Is Key

The magic lies in diatonic thinking. Stick with the notes of the scale, and you’ll be amazed at how much you can figure out. Start with tunes you know well—maybe a nursery rhyme or a favorite melody—and try to figure them out by ear using this method. Think of the notes between the notes, and your musical ear will begin to open up.

Welcome to LivingPianos.com. I’m Robert Estrin. Today, I’m going to show you how you can change your piano playing and your life. You may have heard the old saying: “One definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting different results.” There’s real truth to that. In piano playing, just like in life, it’s the daily habits that make all the difference.

Choose Realistic Repertoire

A key element to meaningful progress is selecting music that’s within your reach. It’s tempting to latch onto that one dream piece, but you may struggle for months or even years without ever getting it to the level you want. There’s nothing wrong with having long-term goals, but if you’re dedicating most of your practice time to a piece that’s beyond your current capabilities, it can be discouraging. Instead, focus on building a repertoire of pieces you can master. As you play more music successfully, you’ll grow technically and musically, eventually reaching that dream piece much sooner than if you tried to tackle it prematurely. Take it step by step with progressively more challenging repertoire.

Focused Practice Yields Greater Results

Another important concept is how you structure your practice. Trying to cover as much music as possible in one sitting can be counterproductive. By working on smaller sections, you give yourself the chance to really concentrate and improve. It’s much easier to focus your ears and your mind on manageable chunks of music rather than on an entire movement or long section.

Practice Consistently

This is one of the most critical aspects of piano playing: consistency. People often ask how much time they should spend practicing. The truth is, it’s not about how much time, but how often. Practicing every day, even if only for short periods, can make a huge difference. In fact, breaking up your practice into multiple short sessions can be even more effective.

Take breaks. Go for a walk. Let your mind process what you’ve worked on. You’ll find that the music continues to sink in even when you’re not at the keyboard. Cramming hours of practice into one day and skipping several days afterward not only leads to forgetting what you’ve learned, but it can also kill your motivation.

Don’t Abandon Old Pieces

Here’s another trap to avoid: learning a piece and immediately moving on to something new. If you never revisit what you’ve already learned, you’ll end up with a bunch of pieces that are half-baked and nothing you can play confidently. You should aim to maintain pieces you can play well at any time. How do you keep them fresh? By playing them every day and occasionally practicing them just like new pieces. Take out the score, play slowly without the pedal, and use a metronome. This kind of maintenance can really solidify your repertoire.

Daily Choices Shape Your Progress

Everything you do at the piano—what you practice, how you practice, how often you practice—adds up over time. So choose wisely each day. Work on the right pieces, focus your efforts, keep your older pieces alive, and above all, be consistent. And it’s not just true for piano. Regular exercise will make you feel better and keep you in shape. Contrarily, if you eat donuts every night, you are likely to put on a few pounds. It’s the things you do every day that make the difference, both in your piano playing and in your life.

I hope this is helpful for you! Share your thoughts in the comments here at LivingPianos.com and on YouTube.

What is the Best Piano at the 2025 Chopin International Piano Competition?

A Bit of History

Let’s first take a look back at how the competition has evolved in terms of the pianos used. Before 1980, Steinway dominated the competition, along with some appearances from Bösendorfer. That was about the extent of the choices. Then in 1985, the landscape changed dramatically. Contestants were offered a selection of Steinway, Yamaha, Kawai, and Bösendorfer pianos. This marked a new era in the competition, giving pianists the freedom to choose the instrument that best suited their individual style.

By 2010, Fazioli made its debut as one of the official choices. And in the 2021 competition, there were even two different Steinways available, alongside Yamaha, Kawai, and Fazioli.

The 2025 Lineup

That brings us to this year’s competition. Although only about half of the contestants have chosen their pianos so far, we already have a good sense of how preferences are shaping up. This year, the available instruments include:

• Steinway
• Shigeru Kawai
• Fazioli
• Yamaha
• Bechstein

Contestants are given time to try each piano and select the one they feel most comfortable with. And that decision can have a huge impact on their performance.

How Did the Choices Break Down?

Here’s a look at how the selections stand so far:

• Steinway was the most popular choice, selected by about 25 pianists.
• Shigeru Kawai came in second, chosen by roughly 12 pianists.
• Fazioli was picked by 7 contestants.
• Yamaha was selected by 3 pianists.
• Bechstein was chosen by just 2 pianists.

It’s worth noting that Bechstein is still relatively new to the competition. In fact, they weren’t even present in the 2021 edition. So it’s not entirely surprising that only a couple of pianists chose Bechstein this year.

What Can You Learn From This?

If you’re passionate about the piano, I highly encourage you to watch the performances yourself. One of the best parts of this competition is that many of the pianists play the same repertoire. That gives you a rare opportunity to hear how different pianos respond to the same music, as well as how each pianist brings their own interpretation.

And beyond the technical aspects, it offers a glimpse into how piano manufacturing has diversified and how performers today have more choices than ever before to express their musical vision.

Welcome to LivingPianos.com. I’m Robert Estrin. Today we’re going to explore a fascinating subject: the three types of memorization. What you feel, what you hear, and what you see. These different aspects of memory work together to create a solid, reliable musical memory. This is known as multimodal memory, and to truly internalize a piece of music, you need to absorb it in all these different ways.

What You Feel: Motor or Muscle Memory

Let’s start with what you feel. This is sometimes called motor memory or muscle memory. Think about how we learn to walk. A toddler has to think about each step, but eventually walking becomes automatic. We take it for granted. The same is true at the piano. There’s a huge amount of physical information involved in playing even a single piece. Without motor memory, it would be almost impossible to execute all the notes, articulations, and rhythms. Motor memory is particularly helpful in moments when your mind might briefly wander. You may suddenly realize, mid-performance, that you’re playing without actively thinking about every note. That’s motor memory keeping things going. But you can’t rely on it completely. It isn’t enough on its own to ensure a secure performance, which is why other forms of memory are essential.

What You Hear: Aural Memory

The most important type of memory is what you hear. Active listening helps you develop a much deeper connection to the music. When you really hear the piece internally, you become aware of harmonic progressions, voicing, and melodic lines. Listening attentively allows you to avoid clashing harmonies and guides your musical interpretation. Listening is key to strengthening your overall memory of the music.

What You See: Visual Memory

Visual memory also plays a part, particularly when it comes to jumps and leaps on the keyboard. Sometimes you simply need to know where you’re going, and seeing the geography of the keyboard helps guide your hands accurately. Visual cues can also include your mental image of the score or your hands in motion.

Bringing It All Together: Intellectual Memory

So how do these three types of memory work together? They all contribute to what we can call intellectual memory. This is your conceptual understanding of the music—knowing how the harmonies are structured, how the phrases are shaped, what the rhythms are doing, and how the piece is built overall.

To test your intellectual memory, here’s a great exercise: Take your score and place it on the music rack. Without touching the keyboard, try playing the piece mentally. You can even play it on your lap. This is pure mental practice, and it’s incredibly effective. Brain scans have shown that mentally playing music activates the same areas of the brain as physically playing it. The only major difference is that you don’t have the benefit of tactile feedback. That “feel” of the keyboard isn’t there to guide you. Have you ever caught yourself in the middle of playing and suddenly realized you were playing on autopilot? That’s motor memory at work. But without the other types of memory, it’s not enough.

The Secret to Solid Memorization

Welcome to LivingPianos.com. I’m Robert Estrin. You hear concert pianists playing trills that sound jewel-like, and you might wonder: how can you achieve this in your own playing? Today, I’m going to share three simple techniques that can make a big difference in how your trills sound and feel.

1. Use Rounded Fingers

One of the easiest ways to improve your trills is to play with rounded fingers. If you try to execute trills with flat fingers, you’ll quickly notice how difficult it becomes. That’s because flat fingers limit you to using only one joint. By rounding your fingers, you engage all the joints, which provides more control and flexibility. This one change alone can dramatically improve your trills.

2. Measure Your Trills

This tip is essential: measure your trills. Trills might sound like a flurry of random notes, but I guarantee you that the trills you admire are carefully measured. Knowing exactly how many notes you’re playing in a trill allows you to execute them cleanly and land on the correct ending note.

Take, for example, the famous C major Mozart Sonata, K. 545. At the end of the exposition—and again at the end of the movement—there’s a trill that must resolve cleanly. How is that accomplished? By counting out the notes in advance. The good news is you don’t need to play a lot of notes. You can even play 16th notes and still have a beautiful trill. The key is consistency and precision. Remember, trills are a form of expressive license. As long as you’re playing the correct notes, you have flexibility in how many you use. Just make sure it’s intentional and measured.

3. Choose the Right Fingers

The fingering you use for trills makes a huge difference. One common fingering is 3-2, which is strong and reliable. But if you want the strongest possible combination, try using fingers 3 and 1. That pairing provides excellent strength and control. Of course, depending on the passage, you might not always have the luxury of choosing your ideal fingering. Sometimes you’ll need to use 2-4, which is less optimal, and in some rare cases, 5-4, which is the most difficult trill fingering. Five and four are both weak fingers, and trilling with them takes a lot of practice. You might find yourself using 5-4 in contrapuntal music, like a Bach fugue, where other fingers are needed for notes in a lower voice. If possible, stick with 3-1 or 3-2. Some pianists even alternate between the two during longer trills. Try them out and see what works best for you.

Bonus Tip: Lighten Up

Here’s one last little tip: lighten up when playing trills. If you try to use arm weight, you’ll find it incredibly difficult to sustain a clean trill. Instead, feel as though you’re hovering lightly over the keys. Let your fingers do all the work, and you’ll find that your trills become more fluid and effortless.

Let me know how these tips work for you in the comments here at LivingPianos.com and on YouTube. Thanks so much for joining me, and to all you subscribers out there. Let’s keep the discussion alive!

Welcome to LivingPianos.com. I’m Robert Estrin. Today we’re going to explore how Beethoven fundamentally transformed classical music. And that’s no exaggeration. When you listen to the music that came before Beethoven and compare it to what came after, there is a noticeable shift. That shift, in large part, was due to Beethoven’s revolutionary musical language. Let’s break down how he did it.

Expansion of Form

One of the most striking things Beethoven did was expand the structure of classical works. In the Classical era, sonatas and string quartets by composers like Mozart and Haydn typically had three movements, and sometimes only two. Beethoven certainly wrote many three-movement works, but he also made four-movement structures the norm in many of his later compositions, often by adding a minuet-trio, typically a scherzo third movement.

But it wasn’t just about the number of movements. Beethoven also expanded the movements themselves. For example, in the sonata-allegro form that typically opens sonatas and symphonies, there’s usually a repeated exposition, a development section, and then a recapitulation. Beethoven’s development sections—especially in his later works—took on a life of their own, reaching dramatic and expressive heights that earlier composers hadn’t approached.

To illustrate this, let’s consider the development section of a late Mozart sonata, the C minor Sonata K. 457. This is a powerful work for its time, and the development section is substantial and intense. But when you contrast it with even an early Beethoven sonata, like the G major Sonata Opus 14 No. 2, the difference is striking. Beethoven extends the development far beyond expectations, introducing new ideas and transformations that push the boundaries of the form. And this is just an early work—his later sonatas go even further.

Deceptive Cadences: The Element of Surprise

Beethoven also introduced unexpected harmonic shifts that were rare in the music of his predecessors. One of the most effective tools he used was the deceptive cadence. This is when you expect a musical phrase to resolve in a familiar way—typically to the tonic—but instead, it takes a completely different direction. For instance, in the development section of the Opus 14 No. 2 Sonata, Beethoven sets up a resolution, but instead lands on an A-flat major chord—completely out of left field. This kind of surprise grabs your attention and creates a sense of drama that Mozart rarely employed in the same way. Mozart’s modulations are beautiful and clever, often leading you to a slightly unexpected place that feels just right. But Beethoven often pulls the rug out from under you, taking you somewhere you never saw coming. Another stunning example can be found in the development of Beethoven’s D major Sonata, Opus 10 No. 3. The movement begins in D minor and suddenly you’re in B-flat major. It’s a jarring, brilliant moment that showcases Beethoven’s flair for the unexpected.

Sudden Dynamic Contrasts

Another hallmark of Beethoven’s style is his use of sudden dynamic changes, particularly subito piano, which means “suddenly soft.” These moments often follow a crescendo, building intensity and then abruptly dropping in volume. It’s a powerful expressive device that Beethoven used frequently. In the third movement of the Opus 10 No. 3 Sonata, for example, Beethoven builds energy only to suddenly drop the volume, creating tension and release in unexpected ways. Even in the lyrical first movement of the famous Moonlight Sonata, Beethoven includes not one but two subito piano markings. These are not to be taken lightly. They are deliberate, and they bring out the emotional nuance of the music. Ignoring them would be a disservice to the music’s intent.

The Birth of Romanticism

Beethoven’s innovations in form, harmony, and dynamics laid the groundwork for the Romantic composers who followed. His ability to expand development sections into full emotional journeys, to use harmony and dynamics in ways that surprised and moved the listener—these were all departures from the classical ideals of balance and restraint. Composers like Schumann, Mendelssohn, and Brahms would not have written the music they did without Beethoven paving the way. This is the true genius of Beethoven: he pushed the boundaries of the classical forms he inherited, infusing them with an emotional depth and unpredictability that changed the course of music history.

Thank you all for joining me. Again, I’m Robert, and this is LivingPianos.com, Your Online Piano Resource.